Invention of pottery wheel

In later times, about four thousand years BC, the potters of these vessels They made pottery more beautiful and transparent and made carvings with different shapes of utensils for They used to decorate pottery, and this in itself may indicate the invention of the potter's wheel During this period, of course, these early wheels were actually thin wooden planks Which were rotated by hand movements to give the pottery a desired shape and a more beautiful shape.The invention of the potter's wheel is in fact the turning point of pottery; Because the wheels Pottery flourished the pottery industry and revolutionized pottery making and promotion.

Pottery in the ancient world

Pottery was the most common industry in the ancient world. Pots, utensils, plates, cups, large jars for storing food, oil and wine, and other objects were made of pottery. Making pottery required soil, water and fire, which were everywhere. All different cultures eventually succeeded in making pottery and its invention can not be attributed to a specific place. Unfortunately, many historians have blindly attributed the honor of pottery to their country, or, as usual, historians were born in Egypt or Greece. But the truth is that the making of pottery - over time, of course - was possible in all lands, and the people of each land had their own ways and customs.
Initially, pottery was made by hand. Around 4500 BC, a basic pottery wheel was built, and in 2000 BC an advanced pottery wheel was built to make durable thin pottery. We do not know much about the pottery wheel technology of that period. A pottery workshop needed soil, water, fire and iron compounds. Paintings on pottery were produced by adding iron compounds to the soil. The amount of oxygen in the kiln also changes the color of the pottery. The pottery of that period was made in red, pea, black and gray.
There were all kinds of pottery kilns. Different models of stoves had different ignition times.
Assyrian pottery is rooted in pre-Assyrian beliefs. In the new Assyrian and Babylonian periods, shiny pottery was produced. The word Sumerian pottery also has its roots in pre-Sumerian languages. Brick making was also an important industry. The important buildings of the city had hundreds of thousands of bricks. Bricks were also used to build houses. The flowers were first molded, then left in the sun to dry, then baked in the oven. Sometimes the bricks were polished. Some bricks were marked with seals. In Assyria and in the time of Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon, bricks with colored materials were produced, such as the gate of Ishtar and the way to Babylon, which has blue, green, yellow, white and black bricks.

 

The difference between pottery and ceramics

 

One of the things that sometimes makes buyers question is the difference between pottery and ceramics. Unfortunately, in many cases, pottery and ceramics are confused and the difference between the two is not clearly stated. Pottery and ceramics constitute a large part of the heritage and culture of any nation and include most of the archeological works. The key role of these two can be seen from prehistoric vessels to modern space shuttles. To prove this claim, just look around to see what volume of functional, decorative, etc. products are included. But what is the difference between pottery and ceramics? In general, ceramics are more common than pottery, and pottery is a type of ceramic. Ceramics are anything that changes its nature when it is heated. Like clay used in pottery.

 

Pottery, on the other hand, mainly refers to the making of objects and utensils from clay. Therefore, it is concluded that all pottery is a type of ceramic whose main material is clay. Another difference is the original shape, the pottery has a pasty and so-called plastic state and therefore is formed by hand or with a potter's wheel, while usually ceramics that use more advanced compositions and more complex formulations. Ceramics are usually slurry-shaped, that is, thicker than buttermilk and thinner than honey, and this factor makes ceramics, unlike pottery, to be made in molds, and they can be shaped much more easily and delicately, and the above variety Extremely high in both material and design compared to pottery.

Ceramic

 Ceramic is derived from the Greek word keramos, which means baked pottery   or object. In fact, the origin of this science is the same pottery made by early   humans. In fact, before the discovery and use of metals, humans used clay   flowers due to their abundance and also their very good formation when  mixed with water and their relatively low cooking temperature. Aluminosilicates, which are considered clay soils themselves, are made of the elements aluminum, silicon, and oxygen, which together make up about 85% of the Earth's solid crust. These three elements are the most abundant elements in  the Earth's crust.

 Akairan: The pottery industry was very advanced in 4000 BC. Now, we define ceramics in general as the art and science of making and using solid objects whose main and main constituents are inorganic and non-metallic materials, and the study of the structure and properties of such materials is also part of this science.

Materials (usually solids) that are mostly non-metallic and inorganic are called ceramics. This definition includes not only ceramics, porcelain, refractories, structural clay products, abrasives, cement and glass, but also ceramic magnets, glazes, ferroelectrics, glass-ceramics, nuclear fuels. Oh, and so on.

Classification of ceramics

Ceramics are classified in terms of application as follows:

Traditional (silicate) ceramics
Modern ceramics (engineering)
Oxide ceramics
Non-oxide ceramics
Oxide ceramics in terms of physical structure can be classified as follows:

Modern monolithic ceramics (integrated)
Modern composite ceramics
An important feature of ceramics that is familiar to everyone is their brittleness and failure with little or no change in form. This behavior is different from the behavior of metals that give in and change shape. As a result, ceramics can not be formed by the method used for metals. Two major methods have been developed for shaping ceramics.

History of pottery and ceramic

Pottery and related disciplines are in the field of ancient Iranian arts, which has always been present in the text of life and in the architecture of the country with numerous and diverse works and has had a suitable position.
From the study of Iranian art before the written history and also during the Iranian period, I can get the point that pottery, tiles and later ceramics are one of the most prominent and prosperous Iranian arts and many works have been obtained in archeological excavations that date back to millennia. Has happened. From BC and the pre-Islamic historical periods, especially the Medes, Parthians and Sassanids - each shows the taste and skill of potters and tells the extent of this "art-industry" in different parts of Iran.

Existence of various types of soil suitable for the production of pottery, ceramics and tiles, human fusion with nature and the great interest of Iranians in the use of pottery in everyday life and in the form of tiles in Iranian architecture, which is created in the early Islamic period and after From it and finally to the present day, you have a continuous and visible, visible actors, impressive production and, of course, a suitable offer.

Pottery, like most of the Iranian arts, has had many ups and downs and has been in a state of stagnation in periods at its peak and in the ages, but according to history and by examining and observing numerous works that are statues of various types of utensils. , Volumetric works, tiles and other pottery works left and now kept in museums and art centers of Iran, now in museums and other centers of Iran and other works of the world, can have the continuity of this art. Its constant presence in the cultural life and daily life of Iranians has testified.